She also is the Editor-in-Chief of The Gerontologist, the leading journal in applied aging research, practice, and policy. She received her MA and PhD from Case Western Reserve, where she is an Adjunct Professor of Sociology. In that capacity, she oversees the Research Institute and the Institutional Advancement and the Advocacy and Public Policy Departments. Noelker, PhD, joined Benjamin Rose in 1974 as an applied aging researcher and is currently the Senior Vice President for Planning and Organizational Resources. This body of work is reflected in publications, which have appeared in major medical (JAMA, NEJM ), psychology (Psychological Review, Psychological Bulletin, JPSP), and aging (Journal of Gerontology, Psychology and Aging, JAGS, AJGS) journals. Funded by numerous NIH institutes for more than two decades, his research has focused on the social-psychological aspects of aging, including the role of control as a construct for characterizing life-course development and the impact of disabling late life disease on patients and their families. He has spent his entire career doing research and writing on adult development and aging. He also served as Editor of the Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences. He is the recipient of several honors, including the Kleemeier Award for Research on Aging from the Gerontological Society of America and the Developmental Health Award for Research on Health in Later Life from the American Psychological Association. He received his AB in Psychology from Dartmouth College and his PhD in Social Psychology from Duke University. He is also Associate Director of the Institute on Aging at the University of Pittsburgh. THE EDITORS Richard Schulz, PhD, is Professor of Psychiatry, Psychology, Epidemiology, Sociology, and Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, and Director of the University Center for Social and Urban Research at the University of Pittsburgh. E53 2001 305.26 03-dc21 00-049663 CIP Printed in the United States of America by Bang Printing. Includes bibliographical references and index. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The encyclopedia of aging: a comprehensive resource in gerontology and geriatrics / Richard Schulz, editor-in-chief.-4th ed.
Sussman Assistant Managing Editor: Alana Stein Cover Designer: Mimi Flow Production: Chernow Editorial Services, Inc. 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036 Managing Editor: Sheri W. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Sprott, PhD ASSOCIATE EDITORSĬ 2006 Springer Publishing Company, Inc. Noelker, PhD Kenneth Rockwood, MD, FRCPC Richard L. THE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF AGING: A Comprehensive Resource in Gerontology and Geriatrics Fourth Edition RICHARD SCHULZ, PhD EditorĮNCYCLOPEDIA OF AGING A Comprehensive Resource in Gerontology and Geriatrics